Frida Kahlo

教學對象：高中

【ENGLISH VERSION】

課程名稱

佛烈達‧卡蘿：魔幻炙熱的情感表現

Frida Kahlo：The Fantastic Ways of Expression

美碩一傅斌暉

國立台灣師範大學美術研究所

￭簡介

在這單元中學生將欣賞許多佛烈達‧卡蘿呈現心情、愛情和鄉土感情的自畫像，學生將分析和解釋卡蘿的幾張作品，討論和描述卡蘿作品中用來表達自我的各種形式和手法，並從中選擇一種表現方式，創造一張表達自我情感的自畫像。

￭課程目標

1. 藝術史：學生將透過藝術史的研究，認識卡蘿的生平以及簡短的墨西哥近代史。

2. 藝術批評：學生將練習描述卡蘿作品中傳達的心情、愛情和鄉土感情並解釋其意義。

3. 美學：學生將討論、分辨並評價卡蘿作品中表現情感的象徵手法。

4. 藝術創作：學生將運用卡蘿的表現方式，創作一張表達心情、或愛情、或鄉土情感的自畫像。

￭課程時間

8節課（360分鐘）

￭上課用具

1. 筆記本和素描本

2. 鉛筆、彩色鉛筆、蠟筆、粉彩筆

3. 八開畫紙

￭教學資源

1. 有關卡蘿的書籍、圖片和網路資料

2. 教師選定圖片製成的電腦簡報

￭評量項目

1. 有關卡蘿生平與創作的文字報告

2. 有關卡蘿自畫像的文字回應

3. 討論和分析卡蘿作品的象徵手法後，所撰寫的文字回應（學習單）

4. 創作作品的品質和情感表現程度

單元一

卡蘿的生平

￭單元重點

卡蘿的一生充滿各種不平凡的境遇，其生命旅途中所激盪的痛苦、悲傷、憤怒、期待、情感與愛戀，都是她繪畫時的最大泉源，也造就她另後人驚歎不已的藝術生命。

￭單元目標 學生將會：:

1. 欣賞一些卡蘿的作品和照片

2. 認識卡蘿的生平（家庭與童年、健康、愛情、信仰等）

3. 列出卡蘿生平中可能影響其情緒，並刺激其創作的重大事件

￭教學資源

? PowerPoint: My Grandparents, My Parents and I 1936

? PowerPoint: The Wounded Deer 1946

? PowerPoint: Frida and Diego Rivera 1931

? PowerPoint: Self-portrait with monkey 1929

? PowerPoint: Photo taken by Nickolas Muray 1938~39

￭教學時間

2節課（90分鐘）

￭教學材料和事前準備

? 學生將使用筆記本作筆記並列出卡蘿生平中的重大事件

￭單元說明

卡蘿的自畫像大多反應她的人生境遇與強烈的心情感受，並且運用獨特的形式與風格表現在畫面之上，除此之外，我們也能從卡蘿的作品中發現她和墨西哥這塊土地的深刻連結。學生將從欣賞幾幅卡蘿的作品開始，閱讀、討論並報告有關卡蘿生平與墨西哥近代史的資料，進而瞭解一個藝術家的生活與歷史背景，會如何深深地影響其藝術創作。

￭教學步驟

1. 播放卡蘿自畫像與照片的簡報，簡單介紹卡蘿的作品背後都有獨特的故事與心情，但告訴學生有關卡蘿的更多故事要讓他們自己去探索。

2. 將學生分成四組，發放閱讀材料給各組，每組各負責研讀與整理一項有關卡蘿的主題，這些主題包括：家庭與童年、健康、愛情、信仰等四項，並由各組進行簡短的口頭報告。

3. 將四項主題寫在黑板上，由學生討論各主題中的哪些事件會衝擊卡蘿的心境並影響其藝術創作，教師再將這些事件都列在各個標題之下。

4. 告訴學生教師會再放一次簡報，並請學生思考並討論這幾件作品，呈現了那些剛討論過的卡蘿生平事件與心情。教師需引導一個主要的觀念：「一個藝術家的生活與歷史背景，常常會對其藝術創作帶來深刻地影響。」

￭評量方式

1. 再播放一次簡報，並請學生寫下卡蘿這幾張作品表達的背景或心境。

2. 學生是否能夠正確對映出作品的背景脈絡？

￭背景資料

卡蘿的生平簡介、重大事件時間表、以及墨西哥革命簡史

Biography of Frida Kahlo

Frida Kahlo was born of European and Mexican descent in 1907 in the Mexico City suburb of Coyoacán, in the same blue house where she died 47 years later. She gave her birth date as July 7,1910, but her birth certificate shows July 6,1907. This is just one of the many lies Frida told about her life.

At age 6, Frida was stricken with polio, which caused her right leg to appear much thinner than the other. It was to remain that way permanently.

When Frida entered high school she was a tomboy full of mischief who became the ringleader of a rebellious group of mainly boys that continually caused trouble in the National Preparatory School. This group pulled many pranks , mainly on professors. It was also in the National Preparitory School that Frida first came in contact with her future husband, the famous Mexican muralist, Diego Rivera. He was commissioned to paint a mural in the school's auditorium.

On September 17, 1925, at about age 18, Frida Kahlo was involved in a serious bus accident which left her with a broken spinal column, a broken collarbone, broken ribs, a broken pelvis, and 11 fractures in her right leg. In addition her right foot was dislocated and crushed, and her shoulder was out of joint. For a month, Frida was forced to stay flat on her back, encased in a plaster cast and enclosed in a boxlike structure.

Frida's enormous strength and will to live allowed her to survive and make a remarkable recovery. She began painting shortly after the accident because she was bored in bed. This became her lifelong profession.

Although Frida's recovery was miraculous (she regained her ability to walk), she did have relapses of tremendous pain and fatigue all throughout her life, which caused her to be hospitalized for long periods of time, bedridden at times, and also caused her to undergo numerous operations. She once joked that she held the record for the most operations. Frida underwent about 30 in her lifetime. She also turned to alcohol, drugs, and cigarettes to ease the pain of her physical suffering.

Once she was out and about after her accident, a close friend introduced Frida to the artistic crowd of Mexico, which included Tina Modotti (well known photographer,actress, and communist) and Diego Rivera.

Diego and Frida were married on August 21,1929. Their marriage consisted of love, affairs with other people, creative bonding, hate, and a divorce in 1940 that lasted only for one year. Their marriage has been called the union between an elephant and a dove, because Diego was huge and very fat, and Frida was small (a little over 5 feet) and slender. Below is a picture of Diego Rivera.

Despite Diego's affairs with other women (one was with Frida's sister), he helped in many ways. He suggested to Frida that she should begin wearing the traditional Mexican clothing, which consisted of long, colorful dresses and exotic jewelry. This, along with Frida's thick, connecting eyebrows, became her trademark. He also loved her work and was her greatest admirer. Frida, in turn, was Diego's most trusted critic, and the love of his life.

Frida let out all of her emotions on a canvas. She painted her anger and hurt over her stormy marriage, the painful miscarriages, and the physical suffering she underwent because of the accident.

Frida, despite all of the hurt in her life, was an outgoing person whose vocabulary was filled with 4 letter words. She loved to drink tequila and sing off color songs to guests at the crazy parties she hosted. She loved telling dirty jokes and shocking everyone around her. Frida amazed people with her beauty and everywhere she went, people stopped in their tracks to stare in wonder. Men were fascinated with her, and because of this Frida had numerous, scandal filled affairs.

One affair was with the Communist leader, Leon Trotsky. It began when he was a guest at her home along with his wife. Frida was later arrested for his murder, but was let go. Diego was also under suspicion for the murder, but he was let go as well. Several years after Trotsky's death, Diego and Frida enjoyed telling people that they invited him to Mexico just to get him killed, but no one knows if they were telling the truth or not. They were fantastic story tellers.

Frida also was a bisexual and had affairs with many women.

All over the world, people loved Frida. When she went to France, she was wined and dined by Picasso, and appeared on the cover of the french Vogue. In America, people loved her beauty and her work. In Mexico, her homeland, she had many great admirers.

Frida only had one exhibition in Mexico and it was in the spring of 1953. Frida's health was very bad at this time and doctors told her not to attend. Minutes after guests were allowed into the gallery, sirens were heard outside. The crowd went crazy for outside there was an ambulance accompanied by a motorcycle escort. Frida Kahlo was being carried from it into her exhibition on a hospital stretcher! The photographers and reporters were shocked. She was placed in her bed in the middle of the gallery. The mob of people went to greet her. Frida told jokes, entertained the crowd, sang, and drank the whole evening. The exhibition was an amazing success.

During the same year as her exhibition, Frida had to have her right leg amputated below the knee due to a gangrene infection. This caused her to become deeply depressed and suicidal.

She attempted suicide a couple of times. On July 13, 1954, Frida died. No official autopsy was done. Suicide is rumored. Her last words in her diary read "I hope the leaving is joyful and I hope never to return".

Reference source:

Kimberley Masters (1996).Biography of Frida Kahlo. Retrieved May 29, 2003, from http://members.aol.com/fridanet/kahlo.htm

Artist Timeline

2000 B.C. -1519
Successive Indian cultures, including Toltec, Maya, and Aztec.

1521-1821
Mexico under Spanish colonial rule for 300 years before gaining independence in 1821.

1848-76
Liberal leader Benito Juárez reforms government, loses and then regains power from European forces.

1879
Leon Trotsky (Lev Davidovich Bronstein) born in Russia.

1886
Mexican muralist and painter Diego Rivera born.

1907
Frida Kahlo born in Mexico City suburb of Coyoacán.

1913-15
Mexican Revolution; Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, and Emiliano Zapata lead people to demand social and land reform.

1917-20
Revolutionary constitution adopted for Mexico; the government begins social and economic reforms. November 1917: People's Party victorious in Russian Revolution.

1922-25
Kahlo a student, takes some art classes. Severely injured in a bus accident in 1925.

1929
Marries Diego Rivera. The National Revolutionary Party founded in Mexico.

1931-34
Spends almost 4 years in United States with Rivera while he paints murals in San Francisco, New York, and Detroit.

1937-39
Returns to Mexico. First public exhibition in Mexico City (1938), followed by shows in New York and Paris (1939).

1943-53
Teaches for the Ministry of Public Education's School of Painting and Sculpture.

1954
Frida Kahlo dies on July 13 and lies in state at Mexico City's Palace of Fine Arts.

1955-58
Rivera gives Kahlo's blue house in Coyoacán and all its contents to the Mexican people; the Frida Kahlo Museum opens in 1958.

Reference source:

Frida Kahlo, Self-Portrait Dedicated to Leon Trotsky. (n. d.). Retrieved May 29, 2003, from The Getty’s Art Education Web Site:

http://www.getty.edu/artsednet/resources/Maps/Women/Kahlo/index.html

The Mexican Revolution of 1910

For most of Mexico's developing history, a small minority of the people were in control of most of the country's power and wealth, while the majority of the population worked in poverty. As the rift between the poor and rich grew under the leadership of General Díaz, the political voice of the lower classes was also declining. Opposition of Díaz did surface, when Francisco I. Madero, educated in Europe and at the University of California, led a series of strikes throughout the country.

Díaz was pressured into holding an election in 1910, in which Madero was able to gather a significant number of the votes. Although Díaz was at one time a strong supporter of the one-term limit, he seemed to have changed his mind and had Madero imprisoned, feeling that the people of Mexico just weren't ready for democracy.

Once Madero was released from prison, he continued his battle against Díaz in an attempt to have him overthrown. During this time, several other Mexican folk heros began to emerge, including the well known Pancho Villa in the north, and the peasant Emiliano Zapata in the south, who were able to harass the Mexican army and wrest control of their respective regions. Díaz was unable to control the spread of the insurgence and resigned in May, 1911, with the signing of the Treaty of Ciudad Ju ez, after which he fled to France.

Madero was elected president, but received opposition from Emiliano Zapata who didn't wish to wait for the orderly implementation of Madero's desired land reforms. In November of the same year Zapata denounced Madero as president and took the position for himself. He controlled the state of Morelos, where he chased out the estate owners and divided their lands to the peasants. Later, in 1919, Zapata was assassinated by Jesus Guajardo acting under orders from General Pablo Gonzalez.

It was during this time that the country broke into many different factions, and guerilla units roamed across the country destroying and burning down many large haciendas and ranchos. Madero was later taken prisoner and executed and the entire country existed in a state of disorder for several years, while Pancho Villa rampaged through the north, and different factions fought for presidential control.

Eventually, Venustiano Carranza rose to the presidency, and organized an important convention whose outcome was the Constitution of 1917, which is still in effect today. Carranza made land reform an important part of that constitution. This resulted in the ejido, or farm cooperative program that redistributed much of the country's land from the wealthy land holders to the peasants. The ejidos are still in place today and comprise nearly half of all the farmland in Mexico.

Carranza was followed by others who would fight for political control, and who would eventually continue with the reforms, both in education and land distribution. During this period the PRI political party was established, which was the dominant political power for 71 years until Vicente Fox of the conservative PAN party was elected. The holiday itself commemorates the day, November 20th of 1910, when Madero denounced President Díaz, declared himself president of Mexico and called for a national insurrection.

Reference source:

The Mexican Revolution of 1910. (n. d.). Retrieved May 29, 2003, from: Mexico Online http://www.mexonline.com/revolution.htm

單元二

卡蘿作品中的情感與表現方式

￭單元重點

卡蘿的自畫像中運用許多方式傳達了豐富的心情轉折、生命的激盪、炙熱的愛情和濃厚的鄉土感情。藝術家藉由自畫像以及各種形式的象徵手法，可強烈地表現自我的情緒、感受與想法，使的自畫像成為獨具個人風格的藝術形式。

￭單元目標 學生將會：

1. 賞析更多卡蘿呈現不同心境與遭遇的自畫像。

2. 思考和描述卡蘿作品中表達的心情和想法。

3. 討論和分析卡蘿用來傳達這些心情與想法的象徵手法與表現方式。

￭教學資源

?PowerPoint: My Grandparents, My Parents and I 1936

My Nurse and I 1937

?PowerPoint: Frida and Diego Rivera 1931

Self-portrait with Itzcuintli Dog 1938

Self-portrait with Cropped Hair 1940

Self-portrait with Braid 1941

Me and My Parrots 1941

Self- portrait as a Tehuana 1943

Diego and I 1949

? PowerPoint: Thinking about Death 1943

Tree of Hope, Keep Firm 1946

The Wounded Deer 1946

?PowerPoint: Self-portrait with monkey 1929

Self-portrait on the Borderline between Mexico and United States 1932

?PowerPoint: Photo (Kahlo and Diego)taken by Nickolas Muray 1928

Photo (Kahlo, Diego and Itcuintli Dog) 1938

Photo (Kahlo and Diego) 1954

Photo (Kahlo painting on the bed) 1936

Photo (Kahlo and Diego) 1950

￭教學時間

2 節課（90分鐘）

￭材料和事前準備

? 學生將使用學習單分析並比較卡蘿傳達心情與想法的表現形式。

￭單元說明

卡蘿運用了許多象徵手法與畫面形式來表達她的想法和情感，學生將觀賞許多卡蘿的自畫像，並嘗試描述自畫像中所傳達的心情。學生也將練習分析、分類作品中的象徵手法與形式，並對不同的表現方式給予評價。

￭教學步驟

1. 先將學生分成四組，皆下來的發問和討論都以小組模式進行。

2. 播放卡蘿作品之簡報，選擇的作品主題包含：家庭與童年、健康、愛情、信仰，也包含各種象徵手法與形式。

3. 請學生一邊觀看時，一邊注意卡蘿自畫像中所要傳遞的訊息，並詢問以下問題：

? 你覺得畫面中的卡蘿是高興？悲傷？還是憤怒......？

? 為什麼畫中的卡蘿看起來都那麼嚴肅？

? 看完之後你自己的心情如何？跟卡蘿一樣嗎？還是有別的感觸？

4. 發下各張作品的圖卡與學習單給各組，請學生討論並列出作品中的象徵手法，詢問以下問題：

? 卡蘿用了哪些象徵手法來傳達心情？請加以描述並條列出來。

? 這些象徵手法傳遞了哪些心情？如何傳遞？

? 你覺得何種象徵手法最為成功？為什麼？請說明理由。

? 若讓你選擇，你會選擇哪種方式來傳達自己的心情？為什麼？

5. 教師需引導一個主要的觀念：「藝術家可以藉由各種形式的象徵手法，表現自我的多元情感，使的自畫像成為獨具個人風格的藝術形式。」

￭評量方式

1. 學生對問題的口頭回答，以及小組學習單的填寫。

2. 學生是否能觀察並列出作品中的象徵手法？

3. 學生是否能分析象徵手法的優劣和說明理由？

￭背景資料

卡蘿有關愛情和痛苦的詩詞與心情（取自卡蘿的圖文日記）

迪亞哥和卡蘿這對艾蕊拉比喻為「大象與白鴿」(Herrera 1983:93-100)的組合是如何看待彼此呢?在卡蘿的心目中，這位墨西哥「最知名也最聲名狼藉的壁畫家」(Herrera 1983:80)的魅力何在呢?一九四四年開始，卡蘿身體狀態惡化，關於迪亞哥方面的書寫，夾雜思念與回憶，試圖尋找心靈與精神狀態的避風港。寫於一九四四年，<<日記>>連續八頁寫給迪亞哥的情書(後續兩頁依判斷應也是書寫迪亞哥)，深沉的文字和隱喻，將繪畫藝術與情愛結合，反映卡蘿對迪亞哥的往日情懷與當下的愛欲(47-54/213-216)。試看其中一段卡蘿以繪畫的意涵詮釋兩人互補互動的結合與密切關係:

我的迪亞哥:

黑夜的明鏡。

你的雙眸，彷彿綠色劍戟

在我肉體；彷彿你我手中波浪。

你在聲音迴盪的空間─在陰影，在陽光中。

你喚作Auxocromo，匯集色彩之人。

我叫作Cromoforo，給予色彩的人。

你是所有數字的結合，是生命。

我渴望瞭解悸動的線條、形式、和陰影。

你盈溢，我接收。

你的話語縈繞空間，抵達我的細胞─我的星辰，

再回到你的細胞─是我的光芒(Diario, 50/214)。

天地、星辰的譬喻，成為母親的想望，結合墨西哥神祇是卡蘿愛欲的多重象徵。迪亞哥是卡蘿的「青蛙王子」(Herrera 1983:78)，是她共產主義思想的革命夥伴 [18]，是藝術生涯的最佳拍檔，是她無限延伸可能想像的大自然。卡蘿對迪亞哥有多重繁複的思緒與寄託，時而像小鳥依人的可人兒，時而像護衛疼惜子女的母親。從幾則敘述與圖畫中我們可以看出卡蘿人格多重表現的特質。

迪亞哥創始

迪亞哥建設者

迪亞哥我的孩子

迪亞哥我的男友

迪亞哥畫家

迪亞哥我的情人

迪亞哥「我的丈夫」

迪亞哥我的朋友

迪亞哥我的母親

迪亞哥我的父親

迪亞哥我的兒子

迪亞哥 =我=

迪亞哥宇宙

單一中的多重 (Diario 90 /235)

一九五O至一九五一年，卡蘿一年內經歷七次脊椎手術(Diario 125/252)，一九五三年左右的日記與繪圖明顯呈現健康每下愈況的惡化與心情極度沮喪的徵狀。例如下面這首用傷痛呼喚迪亞哥之詩:

年復一年

揮之不去的苦悶，

等待；斷裂的脊柱，

無垠的視野，

寸步難行，

在遼闊的小徑上...

挪移鋼骨釘鎖的生命。

迪亞哥!」(165/273)。

卡蘿以祖先族徽象徵的毀滅指涉自己身體的摧毀，瓦解的身體一如傾圮的金字塔，太陽的碎裂宣告生命循環的終止，就像<<日記>>中<支撐點>(“Puntos de apoyo”)的文字敘述(一九五三年七月)，顯現卡蘿放棄希望的陳述:

支撐點

我全身上下

只有一個支撐點，而我

希望有兩個。

為了擁有兩個

必須鋸掉一個

鋸掉我缺少的那個點,

也是我必須擁有的點

為了能夠步行

另一個點必將死去!

對我，翅膀是多餘的

截斷它們!

飛去吧!! (171/276)

￭資料來源：

Freeman, P. (Ed.). (1995). The Diary of Frida Kahlo, an Intimate Self-Portrait. La Vaca Independiente S. A. de C.V, New York / México: Harry N. Abrams, INC., Publishers.

單元三

運用卡蘿的方式來表達你自己的情感

￭單元重點

自畫像可以傳達個人的情感和思緒。用藝術家的象徵手法來表達自己的心情，不但可以體驗藝術家的表達方式，也可創作表現自我的藝術品。

￭單元目標 學生將會：

1. 從卡蘿的象徵手法中，選擇適合用來表現自己的想法或感情的一種。

2. 用這種象徵手法創作一張表達心情、或愛情、或鄉土情感的自畫像。

3. 練習描述和說明自己的作品。

￭教學資源

? 卡蘿自畫像的圖卡

￭教學時間

4節課（180分鐘）

￭教學材料和事前準備

? 鉛筆、彩色鉛筆、蠟筆、粉彩筆

?八開畫紙

￭單元說明

卡蘿的自畫像由於其獨特的表現方式和傳達的強烈情感，而深深印刻在人們心中，並在藝術史中留名。學生將使用卡蘿的象徵手法來創作自己的自畫像，並且也要表達一種心情，盡量使作品令人印象深刻，並練習說明自己的作品。

￭教學步驟

1. 教師準備好創作所需的媒材。

2. 向學生說明創作的方式：

? 從卡蘿的象徵手法中，至少選擇一種用來表現自己的想法，越多越好。

? 決定自畫像所要表達的的心情或感覺，必須是有關生命、愛情、或鄉土情感。

? 必須要畫出正面的表情。

? 作品以讓人印象深刻為目標

3. 作品完成後，教師依照象徵手法分類，將學生作品展示在黑板上

4. 請學生上台發表，解釋自己的象徵方式和傳達的心情

￭評量方式

1. 自畫像中至少要用到一種以上卡蘿的象徵手法。

2. 自畫像中至少要表達一種自己對於生命、愛情、或鄉土情感的心情或感覺。

3. 自畫像要以能讓人留下強烈印象為目標。

4. 要能解釋自己的象徵方式。

5. 要能說明自己傳達的訊息。

閱讀建議

Kettenmann, A. (1998). Frida Kahlo. Germany: Benedikt Taschen.

Freeman, P. (Ed.). (1995). The Diary of Frida Kahlo, an Intimate Self-Portrait. La Vaca Independiente S. A. de C.V, New York / México: Harry N. Abrams, INC., Publishers.

網路資源

?Frida Kahlo Online

http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/kahlo_frida.html

?Welcome to the World of Frida Kahlo

http://members.aol.com/fridanet/kahlo.htm

?Women Artists Frida Kahlo (Getty artsednet)

http://www.getty.edu/artsednet/resources/Maps/Women/Kahlo/index.html

?Mexico Online

http://www.mexonline.com/

?The History of Mexico

http://www.historychannel.com/exhibits/mexico/